Communist Russia essays

Socialist Russia expositions In the past Russia has been a socialist society. After the breakdown of the Soviet Union, the general public strived to turn out to be further developed and increasingly Western. After the breakdown, the individuals had idealistic desires. They accepted that there would be a short progress period, an ascent of an ordinary/common society and that Russia would supplant the Soviet Union as an extraordinary force. This didn't occur. Indeed, there were numerous challenges that they are gradually surviving. An occasion that, as I would like to think, has supported a positive development is the 1996 presidential political decision. This political race was like a popular government however not actually. There are sure components of a majority rule government that Russia has not completely grasped. In the 1996 races, Russia was still in the shadows on the best way to make the majority rule government work for them. Prior to hopping directly into the political decision, I might want to talk about the breakdown and the way that prompted the vote based system style races. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the individuals anticipated a short, troublesome change period. This period ended up being long and gone on until the decade's end. The individuals were additionally anticipating an ascent of an ordinary/common society with the option of a white collar class. Truth be told, they built up an hourglass society. This implying there was a modest quantity of working class individuals and countless lower class individuals. The grouping of the riches was in the ownership of few individuals. Russia additionally expected to replace the Soviet as an incredible force. They have not, starting at yet, held their status. Communists accepted this would prompt a bounce back of an ordinary popularity based society. This didnt occur. A few reasons were that nobody recollected the pre-Soviet past and that the authoritarian way had become a lifestyle. Russia is as yet making steps to turn into a typical law based society. With the 1996 presidential electio... <!

Factors affecting participation in certain sports Essay Example for Free

Components influencing interest in specific games Essay Friend gathering Your friends are the individuals you blend in with who have comparable interests and foundations and are generally your age. Your friend bunch affects the manner in which you carry on and the things that you do. This isn't constantly communicated words. On the off chance that you wear an inappropriate garments or do an inappropriate things you can rapidly get a handle on left. On the off chance that you peers endorse of an action, you will feel urged to do it. Unfortunately, peer-bunch weight can likewise compel individuals to surrender sports despite the fact that they appreciate them. Family Your family can similarly affect you as your companions can. We get a considerable lot of our propensities and qualities from home. On the off chance that your family appreciates game and gives you the chances to partake, at that point almost certainly, you will. Most youngsters rely on guardians and family for pack and help with movement to games. The inverse is again evident. In the event that your Family has a negative disposition to physical action it is likely you will to. Sexual orientation There is a mixed up accept held by certain individuals that sports is a keeps an eye on world. There unquestionably appear to be barely any obstructions put up to keep men from taking part in physical action. Undeniably a larger number of men Participate in physical action than ladies. Race Individuals from minority ethic gatherings can be oppressed with regards to physical action. Numerous individuals have the mixed up conviction that they are physiologically unique since they are an alternate shading, and this implies they will be acceptable at certain exercises and not others. For instance a few people accept that every single dark individuals are quick sprinters and they can not swim well overall. This conviction could be the motivation behind why we see such a significant number of dark sprinters thus almost no dark swimmers. Financial The action you take part in might be resolved to a huge degree by what you can manage. Exercises like cruising, golf and riding can be extravagant such a large number of individuals from lower financial gatherings are barred from them. There are additionally numerous exercises that cost practically nothing. A kick around in the recreation center with a gathering of companions, for instance, and game at school are for the most part free. Jobless individuals are in a troublesome circumstance: a lot of time to fill yet very little cash. To empower them, sports offices regularly charge less, particularly at calm times. Age Youngsters are urged to take an interest at school and have a lot of spare time to take up sport. It likewise relies upon the movement. To be a decent tumbler you should be youthful and adaptable. Today, in any case, with PC innovation not all adolescents need to invest their free energy playing sports and not all games are available to exceptionally youngsters. Individuals will in general participate less in physical entertainment as they get more established as they regularly have more obligations and less leisure time to spend on sport. Generalizing can imply that more seasoned individuals are debilitated from being genuinely dynamic. Some more established individuals generalization themselves and accept that they are too old to even consider taking part in genuinely action. Notwithstanding, there are numerous games that you can appreciate into your mature age. All you need is inspiration to do it, the correct offices and no obstructions to forestall you. Handicap A handicap may limit your exercises and different people groups bias can be an obstruction to your support. In any case, crippled game has gotten an a lot more prominent since the Paralympics games in Sydney, and the endeavors of impaired competitors like Tanni Gray-Thompson have given incapacitated individuals magnificent good examples. Numerous games have charged their guidelines to suit the requirements of crippled individuals and have set up instructing and rivalries for them. Offices should now incorporate slopes and lifts and extraordinary changing rooms with the goal that debilitated individuals can have full access. Access On the off chance that there is a games office close to where you live, and there is a decent street framework and open vehicle set up, at that point arriving is made simple. Nonetheless, numerous individuals don't live inside simple reach of sports offices, and the open vehicle framework is poor, so interest is made progressively troublesome. Fame, Promotion and Role models Interest in numerous games shifts. As a result of media inclusion during Wimbledon fortnight, tennis courts the nation over are vigorously utilized as observing good examples perform on TV urges individuals to play the game themselves. Not all games draw in media consideration, nonetheless, and not all media inclusion is sure. A few games have expanded in prevalence by working national plans. Ball, for instance, is substantially more well known since the Basketball Outdoors Initiative of the 1990s. A huge number of free offices started to show up in parks and school play areas the nation over urging more individuals to play. Condition and atmosphere Support in certain exercises likewise relies on the earth and atmosphere. It is exceptionally difficult to turn into a top skier on the off chance that you live in a hot nation and, on the off chance that you need to work on mountaineering and you live in Holland, you must travel. So it isn't difficult to comprehend why nations like Switzerland and Canada produce generally excellent skiers. England is generally acceptable at cruising in light of the fact that it is an island and encircled by water, Custom and Culture Custom and Culture likewise influence cooperation. For models a few societies dislike ladies participating in physical amusement in broad daylight or in blended organization. This is one motivation behind why numerous games habitats work ladies just meetings. Most games (like rugby) have had a custom of being male as it were. Ladies have needed to make a solid effort to be permitted to take an interest. Instruction Your instruction bigly affects your demeanor to brandish physical diversion. In the event that your school is enthused about game you will be urged to partake and on the off chance that you appreciate it, you are probably going to proceed after you leave. The inverse is additionally obvious, be that as it may, for the individuals who despise PE. It is realize that there is a drop in cooperation at 16 years old when adolescents leave school. This is know as the post school hole and is maybe brought about by the craving to leave all school based exercises behind you when you leave. Fortunately, numerous youngsters at that point see the advantages of physical movement and profit to it later for throughout everyday life. Legislative issues The degree to which individuals participate in a physical action additionally relies upon their government officials. All administrations engage in sport for some explanation. For instance, offices cost such a great amount to construct that the administration for the most part needs to pay at any rate something towards them. A legislature may advance game for all trying to cut the expense of the wellbeing administration or cut wrongdoing. It might advance greatness in sport in order to carry a feeling of pride to the nation and raise its remaining in the outside world. Sponsorship Sponsorship likewise affects interest, as it is this that brings cash into sport. Indeed, even neighborhood level, private companies regularly support groups and help them monetarily, permitting individuals to play. How ever patrons can choose to pull out of the arrangement effectively and leaves the group expecting to locate another or quit playing.

How to Recognize and Escape Emotional Vampires (Its Easier than You Think)

How to Recognize and Escape Emotional Vampires (It’s Easier than You Think) Barely 60 seconds after meeting someone, you’re probably able to decide whether you like to spend more time with that person. Maybe it’s because you liked the first impression he gave off. Perhaps there was something about the way he looked, or in how he sounded. Maybe you even liked hearing the things he said. Or maybe, for some reason you cannot pinpoint at that exact moment, he was just so likable and you find yourself drawn to him.Now take that into contrast with a person you’ve known for a very long time… and wish you never crossed paths with. It isn’t that they are intentionally mean to you, or are downright evil, but there’s just something about them that rubs you in a negative way. You feel that, the moment they enter the room and share an enclosed space with you, the air seems to become too heavy, and it gets harder to breathe. It’s like they are sucking out all the air, you are suffocating, and you cannot wait to put as much distance as you possibly could betw een you and him.You start lamenting how, when you woke up that morning, you were bright and cheerful, and actually looking forward to the day. But now, you feel anxious, with the positive mood that morning gone. You are going on with your tasks for the day but you feel dissatisfied, and every small criticism from other people starts to sound like insults. © Shutterstock.com | Fred HoYou know what you are feeling is unreasonable, but what can you do? You can’t help the way you feel, and somehow you know that it is connected with that person, and his mere presence.Congratulations… or not. You just had an encounter with an emotional vampire.WHO IS THE EMOTIONAL VAMPIRE?The name alone may instantly give you images of someone with sharp fangs, glinting eyes and a menacing smile. They come at you during unguarded moments, pounce on you when you least expect it, and clamp their teeth on your neck before starting to suck your blood â€" and the life â€" out of you.Fortunately, the emotional vampire does not do things in that gruesome manner. As for the effects and implication, however, that is debatable.Albert Bernstein, PhD, was responsible for the term “emotional vampire” as a descriptive phrase for people who drain other people dry. In his book “Emotional Vampires: Dealing with People Who Drain You Dry”, he described them as pe ople that are “extremely critical, controlling, narcissistic, or generally very negative and manipulative”.These types of people get their name from the bloodsucking analogy made earlier: they tend to drain the energy â€" particularly the emotional energy â€" of practically everyone around them. They then feed off of that energy or those emotions, either to make themselves feel better, or to have something else to add to their long list of worries. For them, it does not matter whether the emotions of others that they are feeding on are positive or negative. They do not discriminate.The sad part is that most of these types of people are not even aware of what they are doing to others. Sure, there may be those who are conscious of it, but most of the time, emotional vampires are unaware, because they are so focused on themselves.Some of the characteristics or manifestations often seen in emotional vampires include the following:They have very low self-esteem. That’s why they tal k about themselves too much or, for others, why they look at themselves as downtrodden victims. They drive people to walk on eggshells around them, to watch their words and be careful with what they do or say, for fear that they might offend the vampire further.They need constant attention from others. This mostly stems from having low self-esteem. They need other people to notice them in order to get assurance that they are relevant. It is how they seek validation, but to the point of being excessive that they look for constant affirmation. It is always about “me” and “I”, as if the world revolves around them. This is where other people find them exhausting to be around. They go about getting attention in various ways, too. Some resort to playing up the “I’m awesome so look at me” card, or they do the “woe is me” act. Basically anything to get the attention of other people. In most cases, they won’t even care whether they are getting positive or negative attenti on; the only thing that matters is that they are noticed.They are always having a major crisis. This is why they couldn’t care less about other people, because they feel that they are the ones with the biggest burdens and the gravest problems. No one else could possibly have bigger things to worry about than them, and your issues are trivial compared to theirs. They even manage to find problems in good things that are happening to them. Deliver good news, and they are bound to pick at it and look for a downside.They believe that they are not at fault for the things that are happening to them. They take on the attitude of “the universe is conspiring against me and I didn’t even do anything”. For these vampires, they did nothing wrong. In fact, the problems they are facing did not arise from anything they’ve done. If there is anyone to be blamed, it would be the other people around him.Those are just a few of the characteristics you will find in an emotional vampire. When we get to identifying the types of emotional vampires, we will learn more about them.Emotional vampirism counts as one of the many toxic behaviors that people may encounter and have to live with on a regular basis. Their toxicity ranges from harmless to moderately harmful to downright damaging. At best, you will only feel a little bad about yourself, probably wishing you didn’t have that second slice of pizza earlier so your barely noticeable post-lunch tummy bump wouldn’t have drawn the eye of your co-worker and led her to declaring aloud that “you’ve gained weight, you must be pregnant!”At worst, her comment will make you look at yourself in the mirror for a long time, hating that your arms are big, your tummy is flabby, your thighs are fat and your hips look humongous. Then you’ll start thinking that those may be the reasons why you don’t have a lot of friends, and you’ll never be worthy of them, so why even bother?Unfortunately, you are bound to find these emotiona l vampires almost everywhere and anywhere. In other cases, some people may even fail to recognize these personalities, and constant exposure to them may eventually lead to them turning into one. That’s osmosis at work, right there.Therefore, it is very important to learn more about emotional vampires in order to be able to recognize them right away and, of course, stay away from them. Staying away from these emotional vampires is one way to take care of yourself â€" not just your physical health but also your sensitivity, your sensibility, your sense of self-worth, and, yes, your sanity. You must learn to protect your emotions, and set up a shield against the negativity that these vampires are bound to volley at you. THE TYPES OF EMOTIONAL VAMPIRES… AND HOW TO ESCAPE THEMAs if it isn’t enough that there are a lot of emotional vampires out there, they even had to come in more than one or two types. The downside is that this means you may be exposed to multiple forms of vampiris m. The upside is that, by knowing what these types are and their characteristics, it will be easier for you to recognize them, and take steps to escape, or even avoid them altogether.The best form of escape is, without a doubt, completely avoiding associating with them. Completely cut any ties with them and not have anything to do with them. In fact, the moment you spot them, you should run in the other direction.However, that may not be very realistic in most cases, considering the nature of human relations. So if we cannot completely cut them off from our lives, we at least have to cope, and the goal of our escape plan is to protect ourselves and put up the right shields against their draining powers.Bernstein identified five types of emotional vampires, while psychiatrist and author Judith Orloff named four types in her book “Emotional Freedom: Liberate Yourself from Negative Emotions and Transform Your Life”.1. The Antisocial“I don’t care about anyone else, as long as Iâ €™m having fun!”Contrary to what the word means, the Antisocial actually loves parties. In fact, they like to do anything that will allow them to have fun and excitement. What makes them antisocial, according to Bernstein, is how they do not care about norms or acceptable social rules. They set their own rules, even if they border on reckless, destructive and dangerous. Anything to save them from boredom.These emotional vampires like to live their lives on the edge, challenging the rules and even breaking some in the process. When daredevils set their mind on something, they tend to overdo things and do whatever they can in order to draw you in with them. If you are not careful, you’ll cave in.The Antisocial is also not averse to lying, cheating, and stealing just to experience the thrill that he seeks. He may even resort to intimidation and put so much pressure on people around them, until they fall in line with his demands and desires.Warning signs:He show signs of rebelliousn ess and recklessness, even to the extent of flouting rules and breaking laws.He may give you an offer you cannot refuse. Truth is, if the offer is too good to be true, it probably is. This is clearly a manipulative move, and one that you should be very careful about.Escape strategies:Know who you are dealing with. Making hasty decisions is something you should avoid. You should know the personalities you are dealing with so you won’t be easily drawn in by their manipulations.Know who you are, and your limits. Do not let anyone force you into doing something that you not confident about, or something that you know you are not capable of. This undue pressure is what will break you and, worse, may turn you into one of them.2. The Histrionic“I had the colds last night, and it was the worst night of my life!”The Histrionic Vampire is also referred to as the Drama Queen, who is predisposed to theatrics and exaggerations. His reactions are often over-the-top, and he can blow things o ut of proportion. A simple flu will be likened to a life-and-death situation. Bickering about the weather becomes a potential reason for a married couple to get a divorce.He demonstrates a skill of turning a trivial incident into a life-changing moment. He definitely has a talent for making things bigger than they truly are. For him, everything is a show, and he is ready to put on one anytime, anywhere.Since the Histrionic is basically acting, it also implies a hunger for attention and approval from his audience. Until he can get that approval he seeks, he will continue putting on the show and performing. This basically results in an interaction that is scripted, and he is the scriptwriter, with you an unwilling co-star and audience member at the same time.Warning signs:He displays exaggerated reactions that border on the ridiculous, and he expects you to go along with it.Escape strategies:Keep calm and do not let his histrionics get to you or affect you. Do some breathing exercises . Count silently in your head to regain your mental equilibrium.Know your priorities, and stick to them. This is one way to set limits. Remind him of these priorities and how you are planning to stick to them instead of joining in his dramatics.3. The Narcissist“The world revolves around me.” “Everything is all about me.” “I ALWAYS go first.”This “me first” mentality implies a sense of entitlement and self-importance on a grand scale. Self-love is good, but this is taking it to the extremes, because it results to the person lacking empathy. The Narcissist wants the spotlight to be trained on him the whole time, and he hungers for the admiration of other people because, from his point of view, he more than deserve it. Heis entitled to it.This lack of empathy also points to an inability on the Narcissist’s part to give unconditional love. This makes sense, since all the love that he has to give has already been reserved for himself, and there is no room for anyone el se.The Narcissist has a tendency to become cold and extremely reserved when things don’t go his way. And he certainly won’t hesitate to dole out punishment to anyone who does not fall in with his plans.Warning signs:He wants your whole attention to himself. When he’s talking, you should be listening, rapt. You should not be doing anything else â€" checking your messages, glancing around at other people, or even check the time. He may take offense. During breaks in conversation, he would look at you expectantly, waiting for you to give him a compliment or praise him, or any sign that you admire him.He talks about himself too much, and it’s all bragging about his achievements and accomplishments, even those that took place a long time ago. An hour-long conversation may pass with the whole discussion all about him. Don’t be surprised if you can’t get a word in, and even if you are able to, he’ll find a way to return to the subject of how awesome he is.He wants to be in co ntrol of everything when you are with him. It’s bad enough that he wants the entire focus of the conversation to be on him, but he also would like to dictate the terms of how your time together will be spent, and he will expect you to simply go along with whatever he says. After all, he is perfect, and nothing he says could possibly be less than correct.Escape strategies:Do not get too attached. Recognize and accept early on that these people are likely to never give you selfless or unconditional love. This awareness should enable you to maintain enough distance so that, when things go downhill, you won’t be too crushed.Do not confide your deepest thoughts and feelings to him. You see, the Narcissist won’t care. He may even be annoyed that you are taking up precious time sharing confidences when there is something about himself that he wants to tell you about. You just might feel disappointed, having wasted your breath.Stroke his ego once in a while. This is inevitable, especi ally if you want to avoid conflicts or confrontations. It’s not an escape route, but it’s a coping mechanism.4. The Obsessive-Compulsive“Do it right, or else…”Did you notice how much of a pressure it is to be around people who are perfectionists and workaholics? They love to set ultimatums and deadlines, and push you so hard you are afraid you will break.The Obsessive-Compulsive, or the OC, is credited for being meticulous in whatever he does. However, the problem is how narrow his perspective is. He tends to focus on what is in front of him, and he ignores everything else. This self-absorption can be quite draining to those in close proximity.He is competent, diligent and a hard worker, and he does deliver great results. The problem is that he expects everyone else to be the same, so when they fail to do that, he does not hesitate to punish them.Warning signs:He becomes too much of a control freak, wanting every i dotted and every t He shows signs of overworking and sudde nly expects everyone to keep pace with him. Again, this is because he sees nothing and no one else, and no standards other than his own.Escape strategies:Do your part, and do it well. Perform to the best of your ability, but do not pressure yourself too much. You may want to live up to the OC’s expectations, but if you know that he is an OC in the first place, then you will also realize that he may not appreciate your hard work, since he actually expects so much more.Come clean with him. Come up with a compromise, and negotiate, but make it clear to him that he may have to adjust his standards or expectations a bit. Often, the OC is harmless, and he may simply have a problem when it comes to awareness. There is nothing wrong with trying to coax him into taking notice of his surroundings. 5. The Criticizer“That’s just wrong…” “Don’t you think that’s a bit…”He is judgmental; he thinks he is in a position to pass judgment on other people, and he’s unapologetic abo ut it. He thinks he is above reproach, and he is impervious to judgments.In a way, this is similar to narcissism, since there is a degree of self-love involved. But the difference lies in how the Narcissist is solely focused on himself, with the exclusion of everyone else, while the Criticizer will not hesitate to put down others just to make himself look better.The Criticizer is generous in handing out his criticisms, often claiming that they are constructive and he’s giving them with good intentions. However, in the process, he will belittle you and even make you feel small and puny, because that is one way to elevate his own status.Warning signs:You can easily tell when constructive criticism becomes an insult or a put-down. He starts to point out your flaws and shortcomings and, sometimes, even makes comparisons between the two of you, with him coming out the one with the better deal.His words make you feel ashamed and offended at the same time. Most likely, he will be using w ords that are harsh, they could never be constructive criticism.Escape strategies:Take what he says with a grain of salt. If you take it personally, you will surely be offended and may even believe him about how small or incompetent you are.Take it up with him, especially if you know for a fact that the criticism he doled out is misplaced or has no basis. By addressing it directly, you are letting him know that you won’t take any unnecessary putdowns from him. However, you should do this in a diplomatic manner, so you won’t come across as defensive or raring for a fight.If he had given criticism that you accept to be true, acknowledge it, and even show gratitude for it. Give credit where it is due. Besides, by being nice and polite, you are sending a silent message that he should also do the same.6. The Victim“The whole world is against me.” “There’s just me against the universe.”The Victim is unhappy, and he has no qualms showing it to everyone. In fact, they seem to want everyone to know that they are down in the dumps and utterly unhappy.This “woe is me” attitude becomes even more draining to others when he starts to play victim and blame the world for his unhappiness, or pretty much any and all predicament he is in. He would insist that, if not for this opposition, he would have been happy. To anyone subjected to these “poor me” episodes, this can be quite depressing and, yes, draining.He also refuses to acknowledge that their pains and problems may have been self-inflicted and self-generated. He is not the one at fault; the world is. For them, there is simply no way that they had a hand in their problems coming about.It gets worse. The Victim refuses to believe or accept that there is a logical solution to his problems. You may even go out of your way to give him suggestions, but he is likely to find a fault in your suggested solution. The frustrating thing is that, despite turning down or shunning your best efforts, he will expect y ou to save him, like it is your responsibility to rescue him or solve his problem.Warnings signs:He wallows in self-pity, and he seems to make sure that everyone witnesses it. Their life is full of drama, and they want you to hear every miserable detail of it. It’s like watching a soap opera, but worse.He demonstrates a general distrust for everyone, treating them as if it is their fault that he is suffering. The most telltale sign is bitterness, especially toward those who, in his mind, are doing better than him.Escape strategies:Set a timer. Well, maybe not literally, but you should, early on in the conversation, make it clear that you can only listen to them for a limited period. Make sure you do it kindly, though, but stick to your resolve to observe the time limit, even if he turns on the waterworks and plays up how miserable his life is. Save yourself by keeping your interactions to a minimum.Sympathize, but do not pander to his self-pity. It is enough to tell him that you h ope everything will be resolved in the end, but do not offer to solve his problem for him. You are not his therapist, and you are certainly not his guardian or caretaker. Give him a cheer, try to raise his spirits. It might not work but, hey, at least you tried.7. The Paranoid“I don’t trust you… or anyone.”The Paranoid shares several similarities with the Victim, except for the self-pity part. The Paranoid vampire is one that harbors and even nurtures a high degree of distrust for everyone. He thinks that everyone is out to get him, and he has to be wary and on guard the whole time.This makes him extremely suspicious of everyone, and that wariness has the tendency to be transmitted to other people. If the Paranoid is suspecting you, you may end up being shifty and uncomfortable around him, and this is likely to fuel his suspicions further.It is difficult to maintain a relationship with the Paranoid, since he will never completely trust you, and vice versa. After all, can you trust someone who doesn’t trust you? The answer is probably “no”.Warning signs:He becomes highly observant and he won’t be able to hide how suspicious he is. You may find yourself feeling uncomfortable at how he seems to be watching your every move.Conversations with him, even the casual chats, start to sound like inquisitions, and he starts to demand answers from you.Escape strategies:Be emphatic with the fear and other emotions of that person, and NOT the supposed facts. You might just end up fanning the flames, and this is not a good thing, especially if you are at the center of his paranoia. Keep a certain distance when showing that you sympathize with what he is feeling. Show him that you understand what he’s going through, but you do not fully support or condone it.Consider physical avoidance. In fact, if you could keep your conversations and interactions to the barest minimum, then do so. There is no use trying to be honest with that person and trying to make expla nations, because he is bound to turn things around on you, and have more suspicions.Avoid answering their questions, especially if they have been asked already. This could mean that they are fishing, and you don’t want to be caught by their bait, do you? Excuse yourself politely in these situations, reminding them that you’ve gone over it already. Make sure to avoid getting into situations where he will subject you to a cross-examination. Anything you say will definitely be held against you. When dealing with the Paranoid Vampire, the less you say, the better.8. The Controller“Listen to what I think…” “You know what? You should…” “You know what you need?”No one likes a know-it-all, and one who is aggressive about it, too. The Controller has an overwhelming desire to be the dominant one in any setting. He wants to be the one in control of everything and everyone.This type of emotional vampire has a strong sense of right and wrong, which should not be a problem. Ho wever, he sticks to those parameters and, as a result, is quick to make judgments.The Controller is very opinionated; he has an opinion for everything, and he will let everyone know what his opinions are. It is his way of showing how he is more knowledgeable than everyone, and how he is above everyone else. He wants to be on top all the time, and if there’s a threat of another person outdoing him, he will try to regain his dominance by asserting his opinions and thoughts.He becomes particularly annoying when he starts to tell you what to do, especially when it comes to your problems. He has this notion that he knows what is best for you, and you don’t.Warning signs:He is unwilling to consider an opinion that is opposite to his own. Everyone’s opinion is wrong, except his.He refuses to accept if he is wrong, and he will force his opinion on you. He is willing to discuss a point or issue with you until you tire of it and agree that they are right, and you are wrong.He starts giv ing unsolicited advice about your problems, then bluntly tells you that your approach is wrong. He thinks that your solution is wrong, and his is right.Escape strategies:If you can help it, do not consult with him. Make sure he does not catch wind of your problems, if possible. It is also a good idea to avoid starting a debate or argument with him over a matter of opinion, since you will only waste your time, breath and effort on something that will not be resolved. The Controller is not likely to change his opinion about something.Be assertive. Speak up and let him know that you, too, have your own mind. You appreciate his opinion and his advice, but you are also confident in your chosen solution.Agree to disagree. When there seems to be no clear resolution, make a compromise and meet him halfway, offering that you should just agree to disagree.Seek intervention. If you are in a group, orchestrate the involvement of other people in the discussion, preferably with a change of topics . This may throw the Controller off his stride and, by the time he gets it back, a group discussion is now in full force, and he’d probably have trouble regaining his earlier “spot”.9. The Constant Talker“You know, blah blah blah….”Your ears must be ringing now because, for the past couple of hours, he has been talking nonstop. This can be frustrating, especially if he talks too much that you cannot even get a word in edgewise. You start thinking, “This isn’t a conversation; this is like a class lecture where the professor refuses to let his students speak!”The Constant Talker is exactly that: he never stops talking. He seems to love hearing his own voice, without sparing a thought or a care about others. He does not really care what you think. He does not care about your feelings or emotions. You just have to listen to him.Warning signs:Just listen to him. He never stops talking. There is a difference between being a talkative person and the Constant Talker. The f irst talks in a harmless manner, being chatty and all. The latter, however, is the type that sucks you dry and really does nothing good for you.He starts invading your personal space. While talking, he may get in your face, moving into your personal space, so close that he is practically breathing down your neck, all to ensure that you are listening t every word he says. Even if you physically take a step back, this will not deter him, and he will move in closer, following you.Escape strategies:Speak up. Interrupt him, if you must, but pair it with an apology to avoid antagonizing him. Make it clear, in no uncertain terms, that you also have something to say, if only he would let you say them. If he refuses, then you may ask to be excused because you have something else to do, or you have a prior appointment.Avoid indulging him. Some people make the mistake of pretending to be interested in what the Constant Talker is saying. This only sends them the wrong message, and encourages th em to talk even more.10. The Splitter“Yesterday was yesterday, today’s another day.”This type of emotional vampire is sometimes referred to as someone with a bi-polar disorder, and even a borderline personality. Being with him is like being on a rollercoaster ride. He is unpredictable, and you never know what he will do or say next.One day, he can be your very best friend, acting like he will always have your back. The next day, he makes a complete turnaround and act like your worst enemy, simply because of an offhand comment that you delivered as a joke. The minute he realizes this, he turns back to being your best pal.This means you will be walking on eggshells around the Splitter, wondering what will trigger another personality change, and when that will take place. You will be put in a position where you should watch everything you say or do, and you will feel like you are the one to always adjust to him and his mood swings.You will also notice that the Splitter seems to d erive pleasure in keeping you wondering what you did wrong. It’s almost like a sadistic streak you will see in a person who enjoys seeing others’ discomfiture and even terror during a rollercoaster ride.Warning signs:Drastic changes in behavior are the first signs that he is a Splitter. Sometimes you may even end up wondering what brought on the change in behavior, and he isn’t likely to tell you why because he does not feel obligated to let you know anything other than he hates you.He shows a penchant for showing anger and even hatred. You are not likely to see him take the first step for a reconciliation, either.Escape strategies:Keep your distance, especially when he is raging or antagonistic. It’ll be a waste of your time and effort to engage him in an argument. When he starts going into a rage, excuse yourself and tell him you will only talk to him when he has calmed down.Keep calm and practice a poker face. He might attack you verbally and emotionally. Let him. It pays to have a stoic face or a poker face on when he starts attacking you. Show him that you are unaffected, because he will definitely derive greater pleasure in knowing that you are having a hard time because of him.Do not allow other people to be dragged into the conflict. Do not take sides, and when the Splitter tries to turn everyone against you, or turn you against everyone, keep a level head and make sure this does not happen. Do not let the Splitter ruin your other, healthier, relationships.ESCAPING EMOTIONAL VAMPIRESNow let us try to summarize the best tips on how to escape these emotional vampires or, at least, escape being sucked into them.Set boundaries and limits, and convey that to the emotional vampire you are dealing with politely and kindly, but firmly. You have to show them that you refuse to fall prey to their machinations, and they are machinations, whether they are aware of it or not.If you decided on a course of action to keep these emotional vampires at bay, then stick to it. Wavering and changing your mind every so often will only make these vampires think that you are weak and, therefore, vulnerable to their attacks.Do not give them the opportunity to prey on you. Be strong and rational. You see, emotional vampires prey on those who are weaker than they are, or those with insecurities and low self-esteem. Work on your own personal development, and this will add several layers of “protection” against these energy suckers.Learn to control your emotions. Rule over them instead of letting them rule over you. Maintaining a calmness within you is the first step to being able to control your reactions. Often, problems become bigger because of how people react. When they don’t react, or their reactions are controlled, they can also control the direction that the situation is headed. You, too, can control how your interaction with an emotional vampire will go by keeping a handle on your emotions and controlling your reactions.

The As A Living Organism - 775 Words

In order for something to be classified as a living organism, it must meet a certain set of criteria. The exact seven characteristics it must meet are exhibiting levels of organization, being composed of one or more cells, being able to reproduce, demonstrating growth, showing a response to stimuli, maintaining homeostasis, and it must require some form of energy. (Biology book) For something to be labeled as a living organism it must meet all seven of those requirements. When looking at these requirements from a Biblical worldview, one of the strongest points for a Creator is the fact that human beings and all of creation demonstrates a response to stimuli. Evolutionists may say that we have over time slowly acquired that skill, but from a Christian’s point of view, that strongly suggests there is a God. The reasoning behind this is because Christianity heavily relies on a response to God and who he is. This is most commonly known as worship. When a Christian can observe life and observe God’s attributes, the Christian can see who God is and how obvious it is that there is a Creator. Romans 1:19-20 exemplifies this statement when it says, â€Å"For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them. For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse.† (ESV) To expand upon this passage of Scripture,Show MoreRelatedDiversity in Living Organism3225 Words   |  13 PagesDiversity in Living Organisms (Science) |Close X    | |[pic] Classification And Evolution Classification refers to the identification, naming, and grouping of organisms into a formal system based on similarities in their internal and external structure or evolutionary history. It determines the methods of organizing diversity of life on earth. Therefore, classification helps in understanding millions of life forms in detail. Who started the classification of organisms? Let us explore the history ofRead MoreTransport in Living Organisms3624 Words   |  15 PagesCH 12 TRANSPORT IN LIVING ORGANISMS EXERCISE 1. FILL IN THE BLANKS (i) The principal physiological requirement of all organisms is the maintenance of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (ii) The type of diffusion against the concentration gradient (up hill movement) involving the expenditure of energy is called†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (iii) The cell walls of the plants cells keep the†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦within limit. (iv) The content of the vacuole of plant cell is called†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (v) The internal pressure exerted on the cell wall by theRead MoreThe Roles of Water in Living Organisms and as an Environment for the Organisms538 Words   |  3 PagesThe Roles of Water in Living Organisms and as an Environment for the Organisms Without water there would be no life on Earth; this is why water is the most important biochemical of all. In Human Biology by J.M Orten and O.W. Nevhans, it is suggested that 70% of all body weight is water, most of which is found in three major compartments: 70% intracellular fluid, 20% interstitial fluid (lymph) and 7% blood plasma, and only 3% in other compartments. By volume, nearlyRead MoreHow the Properties of Water are Related to Its Roles in Living Organisms and as a Living Environment for Living Organisms678 Words   |  3 PagesHow the Properties of Water are Related to Its Roles in Living Organisms and as a Living Environment for Living Organisms Over 70% of the world’s surface is covered by water, 95% of which consists of salty oceans; water is essential to all life forms. A molecule of water consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bound to one atom of oxygen which gives a formula of H2O. When water molecules are close together their positive and negative regions are attracted to the oppositelyRead MoreAging- Living Organisms1908 Words   |  8 PagesAging is a fundamental truth and an inevitable aspect of every living organism in the world. There are more than four hundred theories on ‘how’ and ‘why’ we age. None of them stands out as a single winner in explaining everything about ‘aging’ but in fact, they are all interconnected and together they explain the possible process of aging. This assignment attempts to explore the research based avenues which could possibly help Mickey live significantly longer than Minnie, based on the assumptionRead MoreThe Importance Of A Living Organism All Living Things1221 Words   |  5 PagesAll known living things area made up of cells, to be consider a living organism all living things must show the complete list of properties of life which are: Order, is maintained and increased through the expenditure of energy reproduction which is not essential for survival of individual living things but must happen for species to survive; growth when life form gets bigger as quantity of cells increments; development refers to changes in the organism which occur through its life span; All livingRead MoreDna And Development Of The Living Organisms950 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurs during the replication and that the level and type of instability are dependent on repeat length and orientation. DNA is the hereditary material and it carries all the genetic information that used in functionally and development of the living organisms. DNA is composed of two DNA strands that are antiparallel, coiled around each other to form a double helix. Double helix stand for two DNA strands set themselves like a ladder with the phosphate backbone forming the side of the ladder and theseRead MoreThe Importance of Water in Living Organisms855 Words   |  4 Pagesionic, polar or covalent will dissolve in it, therefore more reactions take place while in solution with water. Often in organisms substances must be in solution and water is the solvent. Plants can only obtain mineral salts in solution and human digestion will only dissolve soluble foods, meaning large starch molecules must be broken down into soluble sugars. Also many organisms living in water spend most of their time underwater, yet they require oxygen to respire, and as water is such a good solventRead MoreA Business Is Like A Living Organism Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesA business is like a living organism. It takes care and nurtures to get it off its hands and knees so it can start walking. Then when it starts walking it needs to be fed good food so it can grow big and become strong. A business takes all kinds of people to make it successful. All different kinds of personalities, roles, and decisions make it successful. So starting from the business as a how first, let’s see what all goes into the basics of a business, and how it is organized from the corporateRead MoreChemical Substances On Living Organisms1667 Words   |  7 Pagessubstances on living systems. The chemicals which pharmacologists investigate include normal parts of the body, compounds extracted from other plants or animals, and as well as substances arranged by chemists. Toxicology is the study of the unfortunate effects of chemicals on living organisms. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments, and detection of poisoning. Especially the poisoning of people. Pharmacodynamics is the study of how a drug reacts on a living organism. Pharmacodynamics

Top 2 Leadership Styles Participative And Authoritarian...

Leading Assessment According to the University of Kent leadership assessment, my top 2 leadership styles are Participative and Authoritarian. Participative leaders let their team participate in the decision-making process. The team is kept informed and allowed to discuss and propose policy changes. This type of leadership is best used when quality is more important than speed and productivity. Pros are better decision-making by the leader and the team feels more in control and motivated to work hard. Cons are team members possibly feeling leaderless and slow production. (University of Kent, 2011). I was not surprised by this evaluation. I have always seen myself as someone who wants input for others because I am not a know-it-all type of person nor do I want to give off that vibe. I like collective decision-making because I feel it shows humility and maturity which is important for me to portray as a leader. Authoritarian leaders tell their teams what they want and how to do it without asking for advice and members have little opportunity to make suggestions. The focus is mainly on short term projects and normally is transactional. Pros are tasks are achieved quickly. Cons are members don’t gain creativity or knowledge from each other and staff may resent the way they are being treated (University of Kent, 2011). I was very surprised I was given this title but looki ng further in I do see some of my traits in this style. I do not see myself as a no nonsense type ofShow MoreRelatedThe Leadership Style Associated With Each Theorist1739 Words   |  7 Pages1. Identify and briefly describe the leadership style associated with each theorist. A. Ken Blanchard and Paul Hersey: Stone and Patterson (2005), indicated that Blanchard and Hersey proposed a contingency/contingency theory advocating a leader’s use of differing leadership behaviors dependent upon two interrelated maturity factors: job maturity-relevant task and technical knowledge and skills, and psychological maturity- the subordinate’s level of self-confidence and self-respect (p. 5). I feelRead MoreParticipative Leadership : Strengths And Weaknesses Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesParticipative Leadership: Strengths and Weaknesses The simple act of making decisions is an essential task leaders must perform effectively to succeed. Behavioral theories of leadership focus on how leaders approach a situation and whether they dictate orders or involve others to encourage support. Research into decision-making behavior has identified three broad categories of leaders: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire. This paper will focus on these behavioral theories of leadership, primarilyRead MoreLeadership Styles And Purposes Leadership857 Words   |  4 PagesPurposes Leadership Answer 1: Leadership clearly defines as the action of leading a group of people or an organization, or ability to lead. Here I discuss two styles of leadership that is: †¢ Autocratic Leadership †¢ Participative Leadership Below I discuss each style in details with example 1. Autocratic Leadership This style of leadership is described by controlling the individuals of the team over all choices and little contribution from the team leader in the association. This authority style has gottenRead MoreParticipative Leadership1582 Words   |  7 PagesParticipative Leadership: Strengths and Weaknesses The simple act of making decisions is an essential task leaders must perform effectively to succeed. Behavioral theories of leadership focus on how leaders approach a situation and whether they dictate orders or involve others to encourage support. Research into decision-making behavior has identified three broad categories of leaders: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire (Changing Minds, 2011). This paper will focus on these behavioral theoriesRead MoreA Transformational And Transformational Leadership1104 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent styles of leadership with which to lead their team and their organizations to success. The different styles are authoritarian, procedural, laissez-faire, and I happen to be a transformational and participative leader. Being a leader also has different components that are necessary for success, like the C.O.A.T. assessment which stands for Communication, Opportunity, Advisory, and Talent. I will be discussing how I can implement this assessment in correlation with my leadership styles to createRead MoreDifference Between Autocratic and Participative Leadership2547 Words   |  11 PagesThis report aims to describe a leadership style that enables and helps contain employee work activity. Boundaries set by leaders help them provide guidance and direction, motivate action and creativity, stimulate individuality and ideas, and protect and nurture a space for employees to perform in. Leadership prescriptions have gone through many phases. While the consultative leadership was considerate, it was soft, and too idealistic. Authoritarian and directive leadership on the other hand were strictRead MoreTransformational And Authoritarian Leadership Style1691 Words   |  7 Pages Transformational or Authoritarian Leadership Style Pamela Walsh Leadership Dr. Maureen Nixon March 9, 2015 Transformational or Authoritarian Leadership Style Over the course of several decades, the depiction of leadership has changed. What was thought to be innovative and participative or transformational tactic to leadership has replaced the classical and autocratic or authoritarian approach. The step forward that not everything old is bad and not everything new is good wasRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Case Study2560 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..3 2. Presentation of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 3. Presentation of the Solution: Total Quality Management (TQM) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 4. Analysis of the Solution: Is TQM compatible with Mexican culture?......................................7 5. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 6. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 -2- 1. Introduction How does a need for Change affect Organizational Behaviour main features: Management concerns, Leadership style, conflict managementRead MoreCommunication Serves Four Major Functions Within A Group1285 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication serves four major functions within a group or organisation: (1) control, (2) motivation, (3) emotional expression and (4) information (Scott and Mitchell, 1976). (1) Communication assists in the controlling process through the various levels of hierarchy with certain principles and guidelines that employees must comply to. (2) The development of specific goals, feedback on performance, and reward for desired behaviour all stimulate motivation and require communication. (3) CommunicationRead MoreThe Ethics of Leadership1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethics of Leadership David Draper Ashford University BUS 610- Organizational Behavior Dr. Gary Shelton March 18, 2013 ABSTRACT The paper explores the leadership of Robert Nardelli at home depot during the years of 2000 through 2006. The paper focuses on his methods and actions in the context of leadership theory in an effort to define his specific leadership style. Once defined the paper examines his methods and actions to determine if they were ethical or unethical. Nardelli’s

Laser corrective vision surgery Free Essays

Clarity of vision depends upon how well cornea and lens permit rays to fall on to the retina on cones and rods. Light rays refract and bend on to focus on to the retina to form a clear image. There are two photoreceptors cones (which color sensitive) and rods (which is dim light sensitive). We will write a custom essay sample on Laser corrective vision surgery or any similar topic only for you Order Now These send signals to brain though optic nerve. If the shape of the cornea is abnormal light does not fall properly or proper image is not formed on the back of cornea. (Fletcher, 2007) This is called refractive error. This can be corrected by refractive surgery. Refractive errors include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism (an irregularly shaped cornea which causes blurring), and presbyopia (similar to hyperopia, a condition which causes the lens to harden). Refractive eye surgery helps to reduce or eliminate a person’s dependency on eyeglasses or contact lenses. (NYP, 2007) There are several types of refractive surgery; proper diagnostics can only determine which is needed by whom. It can well be stated that â€Å"compared with surface ablation, LASIK results in earlier and faster improvement of uncorrected visual acuity, and has less (or almost no) postoperative discomfort, improved stability, and predictability.† (Agingeye, 2007) At the same note it can also be stated that â€Å"with LASIK, however, the risks of flap-related complications (wrinkles, debris, folds, buttonhole, and diffuse lamellar keratitis) may be associated with the creation of the lamellar flap.† (Agingeye, 2007) Precautions of laser correction surgeries are 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eyes should be healthy 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Patient should be adult 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stable vision for a year or so. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If pregnant surgery should be performed on after evaluating the shape of corneas. 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Should not have Degenerative or autoimmune diseases. (Allaboutvision, 2007) Some of risks in LASIK are 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some patients lose vision 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some patients develop debilitating visual symptoms. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   irregular astigmatism, which can decrease the corrected vision 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   corneal haze or glare 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   overcorrected or undercorrected vision 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   inability to wear contact lenses in the future 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   loss of the corneal flap, requiring a corneal graft 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   scarring 9)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   infection (Roberts, 2007) 10) vision loss 11) develop severe dry eye syndrome 12) Irregular Astigmatism 13) Keratectasia 14) Night Vision Problems or Night Glare and Halos 15) Central Islands 16) Epithelial Ingrowth Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis (DLK) (Banerjee, 2005) Lasik has its benefits too. It is performed under a protective layer of corneal tissue. As a result, there is less surface area to heal, less risk of scarring, less risk of corneal haze, less postoperative discomfort, less postoperative need for medications, and vision returns more rapidly, often within a day or so. It can an also treat a higher range of vision errors. (Grochmaleye, 2007) One testimony to this is available from the US military. It is stated that â€Å"the U.S. military also has adopted widespread use of refractive surgery including LASIK to decrease reliance of troops on artificial lenses or eyewear as evidenced by the more than 16,000 U.S. Army personnel who underwent refractive surgery from 2000 through 2003. Studies of these outcomes showed that 86% achieved 20/20 or better uncorrected vision and 98% achieved 20/40 or better, which legally is considered good enough for driving without eyewear or contact lenses.† (Allaboutvision, 2007) Some Statistics are in this context can be stated as follows: Patient Results Three Months After Treatment Procedure 20/20 or Better 20/40 or Better LASIK for myopia 42.0% to 84.8% 76.8% to 99.4% LASIK for hyperopia 48.8% to 58.3% 93.4% to 98.3% PRK for myopia and hyperopia* 67% (approximate) 95% (approximate) (AAO, 2007) In conclusion it can be stated that the method has both positive and negative aspects. It should be remembered that the use of laser was approved by the FDA’s Medical Devices Advisory Committee in the context of the Ophthalmic Devices Panel and the effectiveness and safety was proved with the help of various clinical studies. (FDA, 2007) The FDA evaluated several case studies on the method and after analysis of 1,013 eyes LASIK performances that was carried out in thirteen centers of medicine over the period of half year it was found that â€Å"of the 1,013 eyes treated, 92 percent were corrected to 20/40 or better and 47 percent were corrected to 20/20 or better without glasses or contact lenses.† (FDA, 2007) However, in accordance to FDA it could be stated that â€Å"short-term side effects included pain (for 24 to 48 hours), corneal swelling, double vision and light sensitivity. In some patients these effects lasted for several weeks.†(FDA, 2007) Thus this could be termed as a well tested process but it needs more time and application to become a complete water-tight method. It could be stated that more work on the subject is necessary. References: American Academy of Ophthalmology; (2007); Ophthalmology Report 2007; Sydney: Allied Publications Allaboutvision; (2007); Lasik Criteria; allaboutvision.com; retrieved on 10.02.2008 from http://www.allaboutvision.com/visionsurgery/lasik-criteria.htm Allaboutvision; (2007); Lasik complication; allaboutvision.com; retrieved on 10.02.2008 from http://www.allaboutvision.com/visionsurgery/lasik_complication_1.htm Banerjee, D; (2007); Details from Medical Journals of AIIMS; New Delhi: AIIMS Fletcher, R; (2007); Medical Principals: Beliefs and Knowledge; Believing and Knowing; Dunedin: Howard ; Price Grochmaleye; (2007); Lasik benefits; grochmaleye.com; retrieved on 10.02.2008 from http://www.grochmaleye.com/lasik_benefits.html How to cite Laser corrective vision surgery, Essay examples

Kahirapan free essay sample

Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases[1] emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass. It is commonly an unwanted by-product of fires (including stoves, candles, oil lamps, and fireplaces), but may also be used for pest control (fumigation), communication (smoke signals), defensive and offensive capabilities in the military (smoke-screen), cooking (smoked salmon), or smoking (tobacco, cannabis, etc. ). Smoke is used in rituals, when incense, sage, or resin is burned to produce a smell for spiritual purposes. Smoke is sometimes used as a flavoring agent, and preservative for various foodstuffs. Smoke is also a component of internal combustion engine exhaust gas, particularly diesel exhaust. Smoke inhalation is the primary cause of death in victims of indoor fires. The smoke kills by a combination of thermal damage, poisoning andpulmonary irritation caused by carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and other combustion products. We will write a custom essay sample on Kahirapan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Smoke particles are an aerosol (or mist) of solid particles and liquid droplets that are close to the ideal range of sizes for Mie scattering of visible light. This effect has been likened to three-dimensional textured privacy glass[citation needed] — a smoke cloud does not obstruct an image, but thoroughly scrambles it. Contents [hide] 1 Chemical composition 1. 1 Visible and invisible particles of combustion 2 Dangers of smoke 2. 1 Smoke corrosion 3 Secondhand smoke inhalation 4 Measurement of smoke 5 Medicinal smoke 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Chemical composition[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) The composition of smoke depends on the nature of the burning fuel and the conditions of combustion. Fires with high availability of oxygen burn at a high temperature and with small amount of smoke produced; the particles are mostly composed of ash, or with large temperature differences, of condensed aerosol of water. High temperature also leads to production of nitrogen oxides. Sulfur content yields sulfur dioxide, or in case of incomplete combustion, hydrogen sulfide. Carbon and hydrogen are almost completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Fires burning with lack of oxygen produce a significantly wider palette of compounds, many of them toxic. Partial oxidation of carbon produces carbon monoxide, nitrogen-containing materials can yield hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and nitrogen oxides. Hydrogen gas can be produced instead of water. Content of halogens such as chlorine (e. g. in polyvinyl chloride or brominated flame retardants) may lead to production of e. g. hydrogen chloride, phosgene,dioxin, and chloromethane, bromomethane and other halocarbons. Hydrogen fluoride can be formed from fluorocarbons, whether fluoropolymers subjected to fire or halocarbon fire suppression agents. [2] Phosphorus and antimony oxides and their reaction products can be formed from some fire retardant additives, increasing smoke toxicity and corrosivity. Pyrolysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), e. g. from burning older transformer oil, and to lower degree also of other chlorine-containing materials, can produce 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, a potent carcinogen, and other polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. Pyrolysis of fluoropolymers, e. g. teflon, in presence of oxygen yields carbonyl fluoride (which hydrolyzes readily to HF and CO2); other compounds may be formed as well, e. g. carbon tetrafluoride, hexafluoropropylene, and highly toxic perfluoroisobutene (PFIB). [3] Emission of soot from a large dieseltruck, without particle filters. Pyrolysis of burning material, especially incomplete combustion or smoldering without adequate oxygen supply, also results in production of a large amount of hydrocarbons, both aliphatic (methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene) and aromatic (benzene and its derivates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; e. g. benzo[a]pyrene, studied as a carcinogen, or retene), terpenes. Heterocyclic compounds may be also present. Heavier hydrocarbons may condense as tar; smoke with significant tar content is yellow to brown. Presence of such smoke, soot, and/or brown oily deposits during a fire indicates a possible hazardous situation, as the atmosphere may be saturated with combustible pyrolysis products with concentration above the upper flammability limit, and sudden inrush of air can cause flashover or backdraft. Presence of sulfur can lead to formation of e. g. hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, and thiols; especially thiols tend to get adsorbed on surfaces and produce a lingering odor even long after the fire. Partial oxidation of the released hydrocarbons yields in a wide palette of other compounds: aldehydes (e. g. formaldehyde, acrolein, and furfural), ketones, alcohols (often aromatic, e. g. phenol, guaiacol, syringol, catechol, and cresols), carboxylic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, etc. ). The visible particulate matter in such smokes is most commonly composed of carbon (soot). Other particulates may be composed of drops of condensed tar, or solid particles of ash. The presence of metals in the fuel yields particles of metal oxides. Particles of inorganic salts may also be formed, e. g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, or sodium chloride. Inorganic salts present on the surface of the soot particles may make themhydrophilic. Many organic compounds, typically the aromatic hydrocarbons, may be also adsorbed on the surface of the solid particles. Metal oxides can be present when metal-containing fuels are burned, e. g. solid rocket fuels containing aluminium. Depleted uranium projectiles after impacting the target ignite, producing particles of uranium oxides. Magnetic particles, spherules of magnetite-like ferrous ferric oxide, are present in coal smoke; their increase in deposits after 1860 marks the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. [4] (Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can be also produced in the smoke from meteorites burning in the atmosphere. )[5] Magnetic remanence, recorded in the iron oxide particles, indicates the strength of Earths magnetic field when they were cooled beyond their Curie temperature; this can be used to distinguish magnetic particles of terrestrial and meteoric origin. [6] Fly ash is composed mainly of silicaand calcium oxide. Cenospheres are present in smoke from liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Minute metal particles produced by abrasion can be present in engine smokes. Amorphous silica particles are present in smokes from burning silicones; small proportion of silicon nitride particles can be formed in fires with insufficient oxygen. The silica particles have about 10 nm size, clumped to 70-100 nm aggregates and further agglomerated to chains. [3] Radioactive particles may be present due to traces of uranium, thorium, or other radionuclides in the fuel; hot particles can be present in case of fires during nuclear accidents (e. g. Chernobyl disaster) or nuclear war. Smoke particulates have three modes of particle size distribution: nuclei mode, with geometric mean radius between 2. 5–20 nm, likely forming by condensation of carbon moieties. accumulation mode, ranging between 75–250 nm and formed by coagulation of nuclei mode particles coarse mode, with particles in micrometer range Most of the smoke material is primarily in coarse particles. Those undergo rapid dry precipitation, and the smoke damage in more distant areas outside of the room where the fire occurs is therefore primarily mediated by the smaller particles. [7] Aerosol of particles beyond visible size is an early indicator of materials in a preignition stage of a fire. [3] Burning of hydrogen-rich fuel produces water; this results in smoke containing droplets of water vapor. In absence of other color sources (nitrogen oxides, particulates ), such smoke is white and cloud-like. Smoke emissions may contain characteristic trace elements. Vanadium is present in emissions from oil fired power plants and refineries; oil plants also emit some nickel. Coal combustionproduces emissions containing aluminium, arsenic, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, merc ury, selenium, and uranium. Traces of vanadium in high-temperature combustion products form droplets of molten vanadates. These attack the passivation layers on metals and cause high temperature corrosion, which is a concern especially for internal combustion engines. Molten sulfate and lead particulates also have such effect. Some components of smoke are characteristic of the combustion source. Guaiacol and its derivatives are products of pyrolysis of lignin and are characteristic of wood smoke; other markers aresyringol and derivates, and other methoxy phenols. Retene, a product of pyrolysis of conifer trees, is an indicator of forest fires. Levoglucosan is a pyrolysis product of cellulose. Hardwood vssoftwood smokes differ in the ratio of guaiacols/syringols. Markers for vehicle exhaust include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, steranes, and specific nitroarenes (e. g. 1-nitropyrene). The ratio of hopanes and steranes to elemental carbon can be used to distinguish between emissions of gasoline and diesel engines. [8] Many compounds can be associated with particulates; whether by being adsorbed on their surfaces, or by being dissolved in liquid droplets. Hydrogen chloride is well absorbed in the soot particles. [7] Inert particulate matter can be disturbed and entrained into the smoke. Of particular concern are particles of asbestos. Deposited hot particles of radioactive fallout and bioaccumulated radioisotopes can be reintroduced into the atmosphere by wildfires and forest fires; this is a concern in e. g. the Zone of alienationcontaining contaminants from the Chernobyl disaster. Polymers are a significant source of smoke. Aromatic side groups, e. g. in polystyrene, enhance generation of smoke. Aromatic groups integrated in the polymer backbone produce less smoke, likely due to significant charring. Aliphatic polymers tend to generate the least smoke, and are non-self-extinguishing. However presence of additives can significantly increase smoke formation. Phosphorus-based and halogen-based flame retardants decrease production of smoke. Higher degree of cross-linking between the polymer chains has such effect too. [9] Visible and invisible particles of combustion[edit] Smoke from a wildfire Depending on particle size, smoke can be visible or invisible to the naked eye. This is best illustrated when toasting bread in a toaster. As the bread heats up, the products of combustion increase in size. The particles produced initially are invisible but become visible if the toast is burned or cooled rapidly. Smoke from a typical house fire contains hundreds of different chemicals and fumes. As a result, the damage caused by the smoke can often exceed that caused by the actual heat of the fire. In addition to the physical damage caused by the smoke of a fire – which manifests itself in the form of stains – is the often even harder to eliminate problem of a smoky odor. Just as there are contractors that specialize in rebuilding/repairing homes that have been damaged by fire and smoke, fabric restoration companies specialize in restoring fabrics that have been damaged in a fire. Dangers of smoke[edit] Smoke from oxygen-deprived fires contains a significant concentration of compounds that are flammable. A cloud of smoke, in contact with atmospheric oxygen, therefore has the potential of being ignited – either by another open flame in the area, or by its own temperature. This leads to effects like backdraft and flashover. Smoke inhalation is also a danger of smoke that can cause serious injury and death. Many compounds of smoke from fires are highly toxic and/or irritating. The most dangerous is carbon monoxide leading to carbon monoxide poisoning, sometimes with the additive effects ofhydrogen cyanide and phosgene. Smoke inhalation can therefore quickly lead to incapacitation and loss of consciousness. Sulfur oxides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride in contact with moisture form sulfuric, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid, which are corrosive to both lungs and materials. When asleep the nose does not sense smoke nor does the brain, but the body will wake up if the lungs become enveloped in smoke and the brain will be stimulated and the person will be awoken. This does not work if the person is incapacitated or under the influence of Drugs and/or alcohol Cigarette smoke is a major modifiable risk factor for lung disease, heart disease, and many cancers. Reduced visibility due to wildfire smoke in Sheremetyevo airport (Moscow, Russia) 7 August 2010. Smoke can obscure visibility, impeding occupant exiting from fire areas. In fact, the poor visibility due to the smoke that was in the Worcester Cold Storage Warehouse fire in Worcester, Massachusetts was the exact reason why the trapped rescue firefighters couldnt evacuate the building in time. Because of the striking similarity that each floor shared, the dense smoke caused the firefighters to become disoriented. [10] Smoke corrosion[edit] Smoke contains a wide variety of chemicals, many of them aggressive in nature. Examples are hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid, produced fromhalogen-containing plastics and fire retardants, hydrofluoric acid released by pyrolysis of fluorocarbon fire suppression agents, sulfuric acid from burning of sulfur-containing materials, nitric acid from high-temperature fires where nitrous oxide gets formed, phosphoric acid and antimonycompounds from P and Sb based fire retardants, and many others. Such corrosion is not significant for structural materials, but delicate structures, especially microelectronics, are strongly affected. Corrosion of circuit board traces, penetration of aggressive chemicals through the casings of parts, and other effects can cause an immediate or gradual deterioration of parameters or even premature (and often delayed, as the corrosion can progress over long time) failure of equipment subjected to smoke. Many smoke components are also electrically conductive; deposition of a conductive layer on the circuits can cause crosstalks and other deteriorations of the operating parameters or even cause short circuits and total failures. Electrical contacts can be affected by corrosion of surfaces, and by deposition of soot and other conductive particles or nonconductive layers on or across the contacts. Deposited particles may adversely affect the performance of optoelectronics by absorbing or scattering the light beams. Corrosivity of smoke produced by materials is characterized by the corrosion index (CI), defined as material loss rate (angstrom/minute) per amount of material gasified products (grams) per volume of air (m3). It is measured by exposing strips of metal to flow of combustion products in a test tunnel. Polymers containing halogen and hydrogen (polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins with halogenated additives, etc. ) have the highest CI as the corrosive acids are formed directly with water produced by the combustion, polymers containing halogen only (e. g. polytetrafluoroethylene) have lower CI as the formation of acid is limited to reactions with airborne humidity, and halogen-free materials (polyolefins, wood) have the lowest CI. [7] However, some halogen-free materials can also release significant amount of corrosive products. [11] Smoke damage to electronic equipment can be significantly more extensive than the fire itself. Cable fires are of special concern; low smoke zero halogen materials are preferable for cable insulation. When smoke comes into contact with the surface of any substance or structure, the chemicals contained in it are transferred to it. The corrosive properties of the chemicals cause the substance or structure to decompose at a rapid rate. In some instances the chemicals are absorbed into the substance or structure that it comes into contact with, i. e. clothing, unsealed surfaces, potable water piping, wood, etc. , which is why in most cases dealing with a structure fire they are replaced. Secondhand smoke inhalation[edit] Secondhand smoke is the combination of both sidestream and mainstream smoke emissions. These emissions contain more than 50 carcinogenic chemicals. According to the Surgeon Generals latest report on the subject, Short exposures to secondhand smoke can cause blood platelets to become stickier, damage the lining of blood vessels, decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, and reduce heart variability, potentially increasing the risk of a heart attack [12] The American Cancer Society lists heart disease, lung infections, increased asthma attacks, middle ear infections, and low birth weight as ramifications of smokers emission [13] Measurement of smoke[edit] As early as the 15th Century Leonardo da Vinci commented at length on the difficulty of assessing smoke, and distinguished between black smoke (carbonized particles) and white smoke which is not a smoke at all but merely a suspension of harmless water droplets. Smoke from heating appliances is commonly measured in one of the following ways: In-line capture. A smoke sample is simply sucked through a filter which is weighed before and after the test and the mass of smoke found. This is the simplest and probably the most accurate method, but can only be used where the smoke concentration is slight, as the filter can quickly become blocked. Filter/dilution tunnel. A smoke sample is drawn through a tube where it is diluted with air, the resulting smoke/air mixture is then pulled through a filter and weighed. This is the internationally recognized method of measuring smoke from combustion. Electrostatic precipitation. The smoke is passed through an array of metal tubes which contain suspended wires. A (huge) electrical potential is applied across the tubes and wires so that the smoke particles become charged and are attracted to the sides of the tubes. This method can over-read by capturing harmless condensates, or under-read due to the insulating effect of the smoke. However, it is the necessary method for assessing volumes of smoke too great to be forced through a filter, i. e. , from bituminous coal. [14] Ringelmann scale. A measure of smoke color. Invented by Professor Maximilian Ringelmann in Paris in 1888, it is essentially a card with squares of black, white and shades of gray which is held up and the comparative grayness of the smoke judged. Highly dependent on light conditions and the skill of the observer it allocates a grayness number from 0 (white) to 5 (black) which has only a passing relationship to the actual quantity of smoke. Nonetheless, the simplicity of the Ringelmann scale means that it has been adopted as a standard in many countries. Optical scattering. A light beam is passed through the smoke. A light detector is situated at an angle to the light source, typically at 90Â °, so that it receives only light reflected from passing particles. A measurement is made of the light received which will be lower as the concentration of smoke particles becomes higher. Optical obscuration. A light beam is passed through the smoke and a detector opposite measures the light. The more smoke particles are present between the two, the less light will be measured. Combined optical methods. There are various proprietary optical smoke measurement devices such as the nephelometer or the aethalometer which use several different optical methods, including more than one wavelength of light, inside a single instrument and apply an algorithm to give a good estimate of smoke. Inference from carbon monoxide. Smoke is incompletely burned fuel, carbon monoxide is incompletely burned carbon, therefore it has long been assumed that measurement of CO in flue gas (a cheap, simple and very accurate procedure) will provide a good indication of the levels of smoke. Indeed, several jurisdictions use CO measurement as the basis of smoke control. However it is far from clear how accurate the correspondence is. Medicinal smoke[edit] Throughout recorded history, humans have used the smoke of medicinal plants to cure illness. A sculpture from Persepolis shows Darius the Great (522–486 BC), the king of Persia, with twocensers in front of him for burning Peganum harmala and/or sandalwood Santalum album, which was believed to protect the king from evil and disease. More than 300 plant species in 5 continents are used in smoke form for different diseases. As a method of drug administration, smoking is important as it is a simple, inexpensive, but very effective method of extracting particles containing active agents. More importantly, generating smoke reduces the particle size to a microscopic scale thereby increasing the absorption of its active chemical principles. [15] See also[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smoke. Wikisource has the text of the1911 Encyclop? dia Britannicaarticle Smoke. Air safety Colored smoke Dust Firefighter Fog machine Haze machine Magic smoke Skywriting Smog Smoke bomb Smoke dampers Smoke detector Smoke grenade Smoke hood Smoke screen Smoke signal Smoke test Smoking (cooking technique) Tobacco